Magulu atatu oyambira kukula
Pali magulu atatu akulu akulu a injini za dizilo kutengera mphamvu - zazing'ono, zapakati, ndi zazikulu.Ma injini ang'onoang'ono ali ndi mphamvu zotulutsa mphamvu zosakwana 16 kilowatts.Uwu ndiye mtundu wa injini ya dizilo yomwe imapangidwa kwambiri.Mainjiniwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'galimoto, magalimoto opepuka, ndi ntchito zina zaulimi ndi zomangamanga komanso ngati ma jenereta amagetsi ang'onoang'ono osasunthika (monga aja ochita zosangalatsa) komanso ngati zoyendetsa zamakina.Nthawi zambiri amakhala injini zachindunji, zapamzere, zinayi kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi.Ambiri amakhala ndi ma turbocharges ndi aftercoolers.

Ma injini apakati ali ndi mphamvu zoyambira 188 mpaka 750 kilowatts, kapena 252 mpaka 1,006 ndiyamphamvu.Zambiri mwa injinizi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto olemera kwambiri.Nthawi zambiri amakhala mwachindunji-jekeseni, mu mzere, sikisi yamphamvu turbocharged ndi aftercooled injini.Injini zina za V-8 ndi V-12 zilinso m'gulu ili.

Ma injini akulu a dizilo ali ndi mphamvu yopitilira ma kilowatts 750.Ma injini apaderawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalimoto apanyanja, ma locomotive, ndi makina oyendetsa komanso kupanga magetsi.Nthawi zambiri ndi jekeseni mwachindunji, turbocharged ndi aftercooled kachitidwe.Atha kugwira ntchito motsika mpaka 500 pa mphindi pomwe kudalirika ndi kulimba ndikofunikira.

Ma injini awiri-stroke ndi Four-stroke
Monga tanenera kale, injini za dizilo zimapangidwira kuti zizigwira ntchito pazigawo ziwiri kapena zinayi.Mu injini yozungulira-stroke inayi, mavavu olowetsa ndi kutulutsa ndi jekeseni wamafuta amakhala pamutu wa silinda (onani chithunzi).Nthawi zambiri, ma valve awiri - ma valve awiri olowera ndi awiri otulutsa mpweya - amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kuzungulira kwa mikwingwirima iwiri kumatha kuthetsa kufunikira kwa mavavu amodzi kapena onse pakupanga injini.Mpweya wowotchera komanso wolowa nthawi zambiri umaperekedwa kudzera m'madoko a cylinder liner.Utsi ukhoza kukhala kudzera mu mavavu omwe ali pamutu wa silinda kapena kudzera pamadoko a silinda liner.Kupanga kwa injini kumakhala kosavuta mukamagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka doko m'malo mofuna ma valve otulutsa mpweya.

Mafuta a dizilo
Mafuta amafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta a injini za dizilo ndi ma distillates opangidwa ndi ma hydrocarbon olemera, okhala ndi maatomu a kaboni 12 mpaka 16 pa molekyulu iliyonse.Ma distillates olemerawa amatengedwa kuchokera kumafuta opanda mafuta pambuyo poti magawo osakhazikika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumafuta achotsedwa.Malo otentha a ma distillates olemerawa amachokera pa 177 mpaka 343 °C (351 mpaka 649 °F).Choncho, kutentha kwawo kwa nthunzi kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kuposa kwa petulo, komwe kumakhala ndi maatomu ochepa a carbon pa molekyulu.

Madzi ndi zinyalala mumafuta zitha kukhala zovulaza pakugwira ntchito kwa injini;mafuta oyera ndi ofunikira pamakina ojambulira bwino.Mafuta okhala ndi zotsalira za kaboni wambiri amatha kuyendetsedwa bwino ndi injini zozungulira mothamanga kwambiri.Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kwa omwe ali ndi phulusa lalitali ndi sulfure.Nambala ya cetane, yomwe imatanthawuza momwe mafuta amayatsira, amatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ASTM D613 "Njira Yoyezera Yonse ya Cetane Number ya Mafuta a Dizilo."

Kukula kwa injini za dizilo
Ntchito yoyambirira
Rudolf Diesel, injiniya wa ku Germany, anayambitsa lingaliro la injini imene tsopano yatchedwa ndi dzina lake atafufuza chipangizo chowonjezera mphamvu ya injini ya Otto (injini yoyamba yozungulira zinayi, yopangidwa ndi injiniya wa ku Germany wa m’zaka za m’ma 1800. Nikolaus Otto).Dizilo anazindikira kuti njira yoyatsira magetsi ya injini ya petulo ingathe kuthetsedwa ngati, panthawi yoponderezedwa kwa chipangizo cha piston-cylinder, kukanikiza kungathe kutentha mpweya mpaka kutentha kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwamoto wamoto woperekedwa.Dizilo adakonza zozungulira izi muzovomerezeka zake za 1892 ndi 1893.
Poyambirira, mwina malasha kapena mafuta amadzimadzi amapangidwa ngati mafuta.Dizilo adawona malasha a ufa, opangidwa kuchokera ku migodi ya malasha ya Saar, ngati mafuta omwe amapezeka mosavuta.Mpweya woponderezedwa unayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulowetsa fumbi la malasha mu silinda ya injini;komabe, kulamulira mlingo wa jekeseni wa malasha kunali kovuta, ndipo, injini yoyesera itawonongedwa ndi kuphulika, Dizilo inasanduka mafuta amadzimadzi.Anapitiriza kulowetsa mafuta mu injini ndi mpweya wopanikizika.
Injini yoyamba yopangira malonda opangidwa ndi ma Patent a Dizilo idayikidwa ku St. Louis, Mo., ndi Adolphus Busch, wopanga moŵa yemwe adawonapo pachiwonetsero ku Munich ndipo adagula laisensi ku Dizilo kuti apange ndi kugulitsa injiniyo. ku United States ndi Canada.Injiniyi inagwira ntchito bwino kwa zaka zambiri ndipo inali kalambulabwalo wa injini ya Busch-Sulzer yomwe inkayendetsa sitima zapamadzi zambiri za US Navy pa Nkhondo Yadziko I. Injini ina ya dizilo yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito pa cholinga chomwecho inali Nelseco, yomangidwa ndi New London Ship and Engine Company. ku Groton, Conn.

Injini ya dizilo inakhala gwero lalikulu lopangira mphamvu za sitima zapamadzi m’kati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko I. Sizinali chabe ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito mafuta komanso zinatsimikizira kukhala zodalirika m’nthaŵi zankhondo.Mafuta a dizilo, osasunthika pang'ono ngati a petulo, anali kusungidwa bwino ndikusamalidwa bwino.
Kumapeto kwa nkhondo amuna ambiri amene ankagwiritsa ntchito dizilo ankafunafuna ntchito zamtendere.Opanga anayamba kusintha ma dizilo kuti apeze chuma chanthawi yamtendere.Kusinthidwa kumodzi kunali kupanga chotchedwa semidiesel chomwe chimagwira ntchito mozungulira-stroke ziwiri pamtunda wochepa wa kupanikizika ndikugwiritsira ntchito babu yotentha kapena chubu kuyatsa mtengo wamafuta.Kusintha kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti injini ikhale yotsika mtengo pomanga ndi kukonza.

Tekinoloje ya jekeseni wamafuta
Chinthu chimodzi chotsutsa cha dizilo yathunthu chinali kufunikira kwa compressor ya air-pressure, jekeseni.Sikuti mphamvu yokhayo idafunikira kuyendetsa kompresa ya mpweya, komanso kuzizira komwe kunachedwetsa kuyatsa kunachitika pamene mpweya woponderezedwa, womwe nthawi zambiri umafika pa 6.9 megapascals (1,000 pounds per square inch), unakula mwadzidzidzi mu silinda, yomwe inali pamphamvu ya pafupifupi 3.4 mpaka 4 megapascals (mapaundi 493 mpaka 580 pa inchi imodzi).Dizilo ankafunika mpweya wothamanga kwambiri woti alowetsemo malasha a ufa mu silinda;pamene mafuta amadzimadzi amalowa m'malo mwa malasha a ufa ngati mafuta, pampu ikhoza kupangidwa kuti ilowe m'malo mwa compressor ya mpweya wothamanga kwambiri.

Panali njira zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito mpope.Ku England, kampani ya Vickers inagwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imatchedwa njira ya njanji ya common-rail, mmene batire ya mapampu inkasunga mafutawo popanikizika ndi chitoliro choyenda utali wa injini yokhala ndi mitsinje ku silinda iliyonse.Kuchokera pa njanji iyi (kapena chitoliro) chopangira mafuta, mavavu angapo a jakisoni amavomereza mtengo wamafuta pa silinda iliyonse pamalo oyenera pakuzungulira kwake.Njira inanso yogwiritsira ntchito cam-operated jerk, kapena plunger-type, mapampu kuti apereke mafuta pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa kanthaŵi ku vavu ya jakisoni ya silinda iliyonse pa nthawi yoyenera.

Kuchotsa jekeseni mpweya kompresa anali sitepe mu njira yoyenera, koma panali vuto linanso kuthetsedwa: utsi wa injini munali utsi wochuluka, ngakhale pa zotuluka bwino mkati mwa mphamvu akavalo mlingo wa injini ndipo ngakhale pali. munali mpweya wokwanira mu silinda kuti muwotche mtengo wamafuta osasiya utsi wonyezimira womwe nthawi zambiri umawonetsa kuchulukira.Akatswiri pomaliza pake anazindikira kuti vuto linali loti mpweya wa jekeseni wothamanga kwambiri womwe unaphulika mu silinda ya injini unali utagawaniza mafutawo bwino kwambiri kuposa momwe mawotchi amafuta amagwirira ntchito, zomwe zimachititsa kuti popanda kompresa ya mpweya mafuta amayenera kukwera. fufuzani maatomu a okosijeni kuti amalize kuyaka, ndipo, popeza kuti mpweya umapanga 20 peresenti yokha ya mpweya, atomu iliyonse ya mafuta inali ndi mwaŵi umodzi wokha mwa asanu wokumana ndi atomu ya okosijeni.Chotsatira chake chinali kuwotcha kosayenera kwa mafuta.

Mapangidwe anthawi zonse a jekeseni wa jekeseni wamafuta adayambitsa mafuta mu silinda ngati mawonekedwe opopera a cone, ndi nthunzi wotuluka pamphuno, osati mumtsinje kapena jeti.Zochepa kwambiri zikanatheka kuti muyatse mafutawo mosamalitsa.Kusanganikirana bwino kunayenera kuchitika powonjezera kuyenda kwa mpweya, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe amlengalenga opangidwa ndi induction kapena mayendedwe amlengalenga, otchedwa squish, kapena zonse ziwiri, kuchokera m'mphepete mwa pisitoni kupita chapakati.Njira zosiyanasiyana zagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga swirl ndi squish izi.Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zimapezedwa pamene kuzunguzika kwa mpweya kumayenderana ndi kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wamafuta.Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa mpweya mkati mwa silinda kumafuna kuthamanga kozungulira komwe kumapangitsa kuti mpweya wotsekeredwa uzisuntha mosalekeza kuchokera ku kupopera kumodzi kupita kwina panthawi yobaya, popanda kutsika kwambiri pakati pa mizunguliro.